Introduction to cell
Cell Biology
study of cell structure and reproduction also function is called cell biology.
cytology:- study of structure .
Historical Background of cell
Robert Hook first time discovered cell in Cork cell .(non-living)
A.V Leunhook discovered live cell .Hi is also called father of microbiology.
Robert Brown discovered nucleus in 1831.
J.E Purkinje discovered protoplasm in 1839.
Schledin discovered that all plants are composed of different little cell and form tissue in plant.
Schwan discovered that
●cells had outer thin layer, Today we know plasma membrane.
●the bodies of animals and plants are Composed of cell and products of cell.
●He conclude the presence of cell wall is unique character of plant cells.
Cell theory
In 1840 a cell theory come which was given by two scientist Schledin who was a Botanists of german and Schwan who was Zoologists of british in this mention that all cell are composed of organells and all living and Non-living organisms are composed of cell.
Redulf Virchow First time explain cell division in 1855.New cells are formed by pre-existing cell.
(Omneis cellula---E-Cellula)
●Those animals which are composed of single cell called unicellular organisms.
●Those animals which are composed of more than one cell , called Multicellular organisms.
Prokaryotes
●The cell do not have membrane bond nucleus.
●Other organelles like ER, lysosome,vacoule do not have membrane bond structure.
●Cell division occurs Either by fission or budding.
●single chromosome is present.
●Bacteria,Blue green alagae(cyanobacteria), mycoplasma, are prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes
●The cells have membrane bond Nucleus.
●In it membrane bound structure is present.
●cell division takes place by mitosis or miosis.
●More than one chromosome are present.
●Eukaryotes peotista,fungi, plants and animals.
Three model come to describe the Cell Membrane or Bio-Membrane
1.sandwitch or Trilaminar Model
Given by
Davson and Daneilli in(1930)
●Total thickness of membrane is 80n.m.
●Lipid 6.0 n.m and protein 1.o n.m .
●Each thickness of protein is 20 A°.
●The overall thickm3 of lipid is 75A° .
●It is amphiphatic membrane because it has two types of part.
●This structure is callef PLLP protein lipid lipid protein.
● Thickness of protein layer is 35A°.
●Hydrophobic tail attached to each other by vanderwall force.
●Hydrophilic head attached to protein through hydrogen and ionic bond.
●Thic model was rejected because it fails to explain Fluidity and selectivity permeability of the Membrane.
Unit Membrane Model
By
Robertson in 1965
●All the cellular and organelles membrane are similar in structure and function.
●This wad rejected because it fails to explain fludity and selectively permiabilty of the membrane.
Fluid Mosiac Model
By
Singer and Nicolson
In 1972
●This is most widely used and accepted model for the plasma membrane.
●Protein iceburg in the sea of phospholipid.
●’Gulab Jamun' in the concentrated solution of sugar.
Cell Membrane
◆There are tWo types of protein present in membrane:-
One is found in periphery which is extrinsic protein and another one is found inside the membrane which is called intrinsic protein.
◆The main component of cell membrane is phospholipid.
◆Cell membrane is living and semi permeable.
◆Many molecules move across it without any expenditure of energy is called passive transport.
◆Few ions or molecules move across the cell membrane from high concentration to lower concentration is called osmosis.
◆Some molecules move across the cell by the expenditure of energy us called active transport in it molecules move from lower concentration to higher concentration.Example=(na-) +(k+) pump
◆The main function of cell is membrane is movements of molecules across it.
◆The lipid provide fluidity to cell membrane.
◆The quasifluid nature of lipid enable the movement over the protein layer.
◆There are two types of movement present in cell membrane. One is transition movement and another one is flip-flop movement.
Phospholipid
●solution of sugar is called phospholipid.
●It is main components of plasma membrane
●It gives frame structure to the plasma membrane.
●its privide fluidity to cell membrane.
Protein
On the basis of Ease of Extraction it is divided into two part:-
1.Intrinsic protein-
.Iside the cell membrane.
2.Extrinsic/Peripheral protein-
. Outside the cell membranes.
. Enzymatic activity 8s found in ectrinsive protein.
Chalestrol
●It provides stability to the cell membrane.
●It is more rigid than phospholipid.
●In prokaryotes chalestrol is absent in place of cholesterol , haploids is present.
◆ If carbohydrates us attached with lipid called glycolipids.
◆ If carbohydrates is attached with protein is called glycoprotein.
◆ Endocytosis is taking in material by living cell.It are of two types:-
1.Pinocytes:-Ingestion of liquid by the cell membrane.
2.Phagocytosis:- Ingestion of solid material by the cell membrane.
◆ Exocytosis/cell vomiting :- Egesstion of waste material.
study of cell structure and reproduction also function is called cell biology.
cytology:- study of structure .
Historical Background of cell
Robert Hook first time discovered cell in Cork cell .(non-living)
A.V Leunhook discovered live cell .Hi is also called father of microbiology.
Robert Brown discovered nucleus in 1831.
J.E Purkinje discovered protoplasm in 1839.
Schledin discovered that all plants are composed of different little cell and form tissue in plant.
Schwan discovered that
●cells had outer thin layer, Today we know plasma membrane.
●the bodies of animals and plants are Composed of cell and products of cell.
●He conclude the presence of cell wall is unique character of plant cells.
Cell theory
In 1840 a cell theory come which was given by two scientist Schledin who was a Botanists of german and Schwan who was Zoologists of british in this mention that all cell are composed of organells and all living and Non-living organisms are composed of cell.
Redulf Virchow First time explain cell division in 1855.New cells are formed by pre-existing cell.
(Omneis cellula---E-Cellula)
●Those animals which are composed of single cell called unicellular organisms.
●Those animals which are composed of more than one cell , called Multicellular organisms.
Prokaryotes
●The cell do not have membrane bond nucleus.
●Other organelles like ER, lysosome,vacoule do not have membrane bond structure.
●Cell division occurs Either by fission or budding.
●single chromosome is present.
●Bacteria,Blue green alagae(cyanobacteria), mycoplasma, are prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes
●The cells have membrane bond Nucleus.
●In it membrane bound structure is present.
●cell division takes place by mitosis or miosis.
●More than one chromosome are present.
●Eukaryotes peotista,fungi, plants and animals.
Three model come to describe the Cell Membrane or Bio-Membrane
1.sandwitch or Trilaminar Model
Given by
Davson and Daneilli in(1930)
●Total thickness of membrane is 80n.m.
●Lipid 6.0 n.m and protein 1.o n.m .
●Each thickness of protein is 20 A°.
●The overall thickm3 of lipid is 75A° .
●It is amphiphatic membrane because it has two types of part.
●This structure is callef PLLP protein lipid lipid protein.
● Thickness of protein layer is 35A°.
●Hydrophobic tail attached to each other by vanderwall force.
●Hydrophilic head attached to protein through hydrogen and ionic bond.
●Thic model was rejected because it fails to explain Fluidity and selectivity permeability of the Membrane.
Unit Membrane Model
By
Robertson in 1965
●All the cellular and organelles membrane are similar in structure and function.
●This wad rejected because it fails to explain fludity and selectively permiabilty of the membrane.
Fluid Mosiac Model
By
Singer and Nicolson
In 1972
●This is most widely used and accepted model for the plasma membrane.
●Protein iceburg in the sea of phospholipid.
●’Gulab Jamun' in the concentrated solution of sugar.
Cell Membrane
◆There are tWo types of protein present in membrane:-
One is found in periphery which is extrinsic protein and another one is found inside the membrane which is called intrinsic protein.
◆The main component of cell membrane is phospholipid.
◆Cell membrane is living and semi permeable.
◆Many molecules move across it without any expenditure of energy is called passive transport.
◆Few ions or molecules move across the cell membrane from high concentration to lower concentration is called osmosis.
◆Some molecules move across the cell by the expenditure of energy us called active transport in it molecules move from lower concentration to higher concentration.Example=(na-) +(k+) pump
◆The main function of cell is membrane is movements of molecules across it.
◆The lipid provide fluidity to cell membrane.
◆The quasifluid nature of lipid enable the movement over the protein layer.
◆There are two types of movement present in cell membrane. One is transition movement and another one is flip-flop movement.
Phospholipid
●solution of sugar is called phospholipid.
●It is main components of plasma membrane
●It gives frame structure to the plasma membrane.
●its privide fluidity to cell membrane.
Protein
On the basis of Ease of Extraction it is divided into two part:-
1.Intrinsic protein-
.Iside the cell membrane.
2.Extrinsic/Peripheral protein-
. Outside the cell membranes.
. Enzymatic activity 8s found in ectrinsive protein.
Chalestrol
●It provides stability to the cell membrane.
●It is more rigid than phospholipid.
●In prokaryotes chalestrol is absent in place of cholesterol , haploids is present.
◆ If carbohydrates us attached with lipid called glycolipids.
◆ If carbohydrates is attached with protein is called glycoprotein.
◆ Endocytosis is taking in material by living cell.It are of two types:-
1.Pinocytes:-Ingestion of liquid by the cell membrane.
2.Phagocytosis:- Ingestion of solid material by the cell membrane.
◆ Exocytosis/cell vomiting :- Egesstion of waste material.
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